Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral hygiene status in pediatric obese patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2011 to 2012, which evaluated 180 Brazilian pediatric patients, 6-14 years old, girls and boys, recruited according to two Body Mass Index (BMI) categories: obese and non-obese (healthy weight). For the evaluation the oral hygiene status, the study used Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI). Results: According to the total sample, 5/60 obese (8.3%) and 57/120 non-obese (47.5%) had good OHI, while 23/60 obese (38.4%) and 3/120 non-obese (2.5%) were classified in a low level of OHI, with a significance between the groups (p < 0.001), even after sorting by age. According to the classification of GBI, 60/60 obese (100.0%) and 89/120 non-obese (74.2%) had GBI 1 (bleeding gingiva), and 0/60 obese and 31/120 non-obese (25.8%) were classified as GBI 0 (healthy gingiva), with a significance between the groups (p < 0.001), even after sorting by age. Conclusions: This study indicated that OHI and GBI were significantly higher in the obese children group.

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el estado de higiene oral en pacientes pediátrica con obesidad. Métodos: Un estudio transversal realizado en Brasil en el período 2011-2012, que evaluó 180 pacientes pediátricos de 6 a 14 años, niños y niñas, reclutados en el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y separados en dos categorías: obesos y no obesos (peso saludable). Para evaluar el estado de la higiene oral, el estudio utilizó Indice de Higiene Oral (OHI) y índice de sangrado gingival (GBI). Resultados: De acuerdo con la muestra total, 5/60 obesos (8,3%) y 57/120 no obesos (47,5%) tuvieron buena OHI, mientras que 23/60 obesos (38,4%) y 3/120 no obesos (2,5%) fueron clasificado en un nivel bajo de OHI, con una significación entre los grupos (p < 0,001), incluso después de la clasificación por edades. De acuerdo con la clasificación de GBI, 60/60 obesos (100,0%) y 89/120 no obesos (74,2%) tenían GBI 1 (gingiva sangrante), y 0/60 obesos y 31/120 no obesos (25,8%) fueron clasificados como GBI 0 (gingiva sana), con una significación entre los grupos (p < 0,001), incluso después de la clasificación por edades. Conclusiones: Este estudio indicó que OHI y GBI fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo de niños obesos.

Resumo Introdução: Tabagismo é a principal causa de morte evitável no mundo e a sua prevalência é maior em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Embora haja plausibilidade biológica no fato de o tabagismo aumentar a morbimortalidade de pessoas que vivem com HIV, poucos estudos em países em desenvolvimento têm analisado os determinantes e as conseqüências desse hábito nessa população. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de tabagismo e identificar os fatores associados com o tabagismo e com a cessação do tabagismo em infectados pelo HIV, por sexo. Métodos: Estudo seccional utilizando os dados de base de uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com HIV atendidos em dois centros de referência em Recife, nordeste do Brasil, entre julho de 2007 e outubro de 2009. Resultados: A prevalência de tabagismo foi de 28,9%. Para ambos os sexos, o tabagismo esteve associado com alcoolismo e uso de maconha. Entre as mulheres, o tabagismo esteve associado com não ser casada, morar só, e não saber ler e escrever; e entre os homens esteve associado com idade ≥ 40 anos, baixa renda mensal e uso de crack. Comparado com os ex-fumantes, os fumantes eram mais jovens, não casados, bebiam mais e fumavam maconha. Conclusão: É importante incorporar intervenções para cessação do tabagismo no tratamento de usuários de maconha e alcoolistas com HIV/AIDS, o que pode aumentar a qualidade e expectativa de vida desses pacientes, uma vez que o tabagismo está relacionado com maior risco de morte, recidiva da tuberculose e também com doenças crônicas não infecciosas.

Introduction: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world. The prevalence of smoking is higher in people infected with HIV than in the general population. Although it is biologically plausible that smoking increases the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV/AIDS, few studies in developing countries have analyzed the determinants and consequences of smoking in HIV infected people. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of smoking and identify the socioeconomic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation in patients with HIV by sex. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with baseline data, obtained from an ongoing prospective cohort study of patients with HIV attending two referral centers in Recife, Northeast Region of Brazil, between July 2007 and October 2009. Results: The prevalence of current smoking was 28.9%. For both sexes, smoking was independently associated with heavy alcohol drinking and marijuana use. Among women, smoking was associated with living alone, not being married and illiteracy; and among men, being 40 years or older, low income and using crack. Compared with ex-smokers, current smokers were younger and more likely to be unmarried, heavy drinkers and marijuana users. Conclusions: It is important to incorporate smoking cessation interventions for the treatment of heavy alcohol drinkers and marijuana users with HIV/AIDS, which may increase life expectancy and quality of life, as smoking is related to risk of death, relapse of tuberculosis, and non communicable diseases.

Resumo Introdução: Tabagismo é a principal causa de morte evitável no mundo e a sua prevalência é maior em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Embora haja plausibilidade biológica no fato de o tabagismo aumentar a morbimortalidade de pessoas que vivem com HIV, poucos estudos em países em desenvolvimento têm analisado os determinantes e as conseqüências desse hábito nessa população. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de tabagismo e identificar os fatores associados com o tabagismo e com a cessação do tabagismo em infectados pelo HIV, por sexo. Métodos: Estudo seccional utilizando os dados de base de uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com HIV atendidos em dois centros de referência em Recife, nordeste do Brasil, entre julho de 2007 e outubro de 2009. Resultados: A prevalência de tabagismo foi de 28,9%. Para ambos os sexos, o tabagismo esteve associado com alcoolismo e uso de maconha. Entre as mulheres, o tabagismo esteve associado com não ser casada, morar só, e não saber ler e escrever; e entre os homens esteve associado com idade ≥ 40 anos, baixa renda mensal e uso de crack. Comparado com os ex-fumantes, os fumantes eram mais jovens, não casados, bebiam mais e fumavam maconha. Conclusão: É importante incorporar intervenções para cessação do tabagismo no tratamento de usuários de maconha e alcoolistas com HIV/AIDS, o que pode aumentar a qualidade e expectativa de vida desses pacientes, uma vez que o tabagismo está relacionado com maior risco de morte, recidiva da tuberculose e também com doenças crônicas não infecciosas.

Introduction: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world. The prevalence of smoking is higher in people infected with HIV than in the general population. Although it is biologically plausible that smoking increases the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV/AIDS, few studies in developing countries have analyzed the determinants and consequences of smoking in HIV infected people. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of smoking and identify the socioeconomic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation in patients with HIV by sex. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with baseline data, obtained from an ongoing prospective cohort study of patients with HIV attending two referral centers in Recife, Northeast Region of Brazil, between July 2007 and October 2009. Results: The prevalence of current smoking was 28.9%. For both sexes, smoking was independently associated with heavy alcohol drinking and marijuana use. Among women, smoking was associated with living alone, not being married and illiteracy; and among men, being 40 years or older, low income and using crack. Compared with ex-smokers, current smokers were younger and more likely to be unmarried, heavy drinkers and marijuana users. Conclusions: It is important to incorporate smoking cessation interventions for the treatment of heavy alcohol drinkers and marijuana users with HIV/AIDS, which may increase life expectancy and quality of life, as smoking is related to risk of death, relapse of tuberculosis, and non communicable diseases.

A validação de um método de biópsia ovariana para determinação in vivo da maturação ovocitária em Centropomus parallelus foi descrita. Os diâmetros de ovócitos, obtidos de amostras intra-ovarianas sifonadas por cânula, foram analisados a fresco e preservados com formalina (1%) em solução de NaCl (0,7%). Ovócitos em diferentes estádios de maturação estavam presentes ao longo dos ovários, até o estádio de vitelogênese completa, apresentando uma distribuição de freqüência de diâmetros unimodal. O diâmetro médio dos ovócitos não diferiu significativamente entre as quatro regiões dos ovários (P > 0,05). Amostras obtidas com a cânula são representativas da porção central do ovário, uma vez que as amostras in vivo e in vitro das sete fêmeas examinadas não foram significativamente diferentes (P > 0,05). Uma estimativa do coeficiente de variação corrigido para "bias" (P < 0,05) para oito amostras repetidas in vivo foi de 1,9 ± 0,6. Os resultados demonstraram que para esta espécie, este método de biópsia é satisfatório, provendo amostras representativas dos ovários.

The validation of an ovarian biopsy method for in vivo assessment of oocyte maturation in Centropomus parallelus was studied. Diameters of intra-ovarian oocytes siphoned with cannula were analyzed fresh and preserved with 1% formalin in 0.7% NaCl solution. Oocytes in different stages were present along the ovaries, up to the tertiary yolk globule stage, which had a unimodal diameter frequency distribution. The oocyte diameter means were not significantly different at four sites along the ovaries (P > 0.05). Samples obtained with cannula were representative of the ovary central portion, in vivo and in vitro samples of the seven females examined were not significantly different (P > 0.05). An estimate of the coefficient of variation corrected for bias (P < 0.05) for 8 repeated in vivo samples was 1.9 ± 0.6. The results demonstrated that for the species, the biopsy method was satisfactory, providing representative samples of the ovaries.

Considerando a importância da garantia da qualidade nos serviços de radioterapia, este trabalho tem como primeiro objetivo fazer uma avaliação dos testes propostos pelos protocolos oficiais internacionais TG40 e ARCAL XXX para os equipamentos de cobalto, acelerador linear e simulador. O segundo objetivo consistiu em se fazer uma avaliação dos testes que atualmente são realizados por alguns serviços de radioterapia nacionais e da América Latina, comparando-os com os apresentados nos protocolos citados. Dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que embora o TG40 apresente os testes básicos necessários para um controle de qualidade adequado, o ARCAL ainda sugere testes complementares. Dos resultados e discussões, concluiu-se que é necessário que os serviços de radioterapia implementem os testes de controle de qualidade básicos e indispensáveis aos seus equipamentos, e que os demais testes sejam implementados de acordo com as suas necessidades e disponibilidades. Como produto deste estudo, sugestões de protocolos são apresentadas para o trabalho de rotina, provenientes da fusão dos protocolos analisados.

In view of the great importance of quality control in radiotherapy services, this paper aimed primarily to evaluate the tests recommended by international protocols TG40 and ARCAL XXX for teletherapic equipments (cobalt, linear accelerator and simulator). A second objective was to evaluate the tests currently used in some radiotherapy services in Brazil and Latin America and to compare these tests with the ones recommended by the international protocols. Our results suggest that ARCAL is more complete than TG40, although the latter includes all the essential basic tests. We concluded that radiotherapy services should implement all basic quality control tests and that all other complementary tests should be implemented according to the need of each service. Finally, suggestions of protocols are presented, elaborated from the official and routine protocols used.

A espécie Centropomus parallelus, conhecida como robalo nas regiões Sudeste e Sul e como camorim no Nordeste e Norte, foi submetida à reprodução induzida com hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), no Laboratório de Maricultura do Instituto de Pesca, em Cananéia, SP (25º 01’ S; 47º 57’ W). Em novembro e dezembro de 1996 e janeiro de 1997, fêmeas dessa espécie pesando entre 210 g e 1.740 g e medindo entre 25,7 cm e 56,0 cm foram selecionadas levando-se em consideração o valor médio do diâmetro dos ovócitos, o padrão de distribuição porcentual dos valores do diâmetro e a localização da vesícula germinativa na célula. Foram utilizadas doses únicas de 1, 2 ou 5 UI de hCG por grama de peso corporal em vinte e seis fêmeas que apresentaram ovócitos com diâmetro médio ao redor de 400 µm e distribuição de freqüência porcentual de valores dos diâmetros unimodal, com moda em 435,6 µm. Como controle, foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas, que receberam 1 ml de solução salina a 0,9%. Aproximadamente 35 horas após a aplicação do hormônio, as fêmeas iniciaram a liberação dos óvulos. Neste momento, os óvulos apresentaram o diâmetro médio superior a 600 µm, uma única gota de óleo e vesícula germinativa quebrada. Foi feita extrusão dos óvulos para fertilização a seco. Os machos não foram submetidos a tratamento hormonal, sendo selecionados pela quantidade e viscosidade do sêmen e motilidade dos espermatozóides. A taxa de fertilização variou de 70 a 90%. A eclosão das larvas ocorreu 18 horas após a fertilização. Durante a incubação dos ovos e eclosão das larvas, a temperatura da água foi de 25 ± 1ºC e a salinidade variou de 29 a 35%.

The snook Centropomus parallelus, an important fish of the Brazilian coast, was induced to spawn with the aid of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in November and December/1996 and January/1997, at the Laboratory of Mariculture of Cananéia - SP, Brazil (25º 01’ S; 47º 57’ W). The females (n = 26) received one dose of hormone containing 1, 2 or 5 IU of hCG per gram of body weight. These females were chosen observing initial mean oocyte diameter, the distribution of the different diameter values, and location of germinal vesicle. Four females were considered as control and received one unique injection of 1 ml of 0.9% saline solution. The initial mean oocyte diameter of the selected females was around 400 µm and the distribution of oocyte diameters was unimodal with the mode in 435.6 µm. Approximately 35 hours after the injection of the hormone, females initiated the release of eggs. Then, the eggs were extruded and dry fertilization performed with sperm. At this time, the mean egg diameter was above 600 µm, one oil droplet was present and the germinal vesicles were breakdown. Many larvae were obtained with either one of the above different hormonal doses, 18 hours after fertilization. The ratio of fertilization ranged between 70 and 90%. During the incubations, the sea water salinity was maintained between 29 and 35%, and the temperature was 25 ± 1ºC. Males did not receive hormone. They were selected taking into account the amount and viscosity of milt released and with spermatozoa motility around 90%. The body weight of the fishes varied from 210 g to 1,740 g and the length, from 25.7 to 56.0 centimeters.

Sperm of 180 three year old males of curimbatá, Prochilodus scrofa (Steindachner, 1881), was collected to verify the possibility of utilization of these males more than one time, and to know how long after the hormonal induction would occur the highest production of milt. This experiment was carried out in 1991 and 1992. After sperm was collected, each male was stimulated by the first injection of five IU/g of hCG. Then, milt was collected at 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours before and after the first dose and at 16 hours before and after the second one. Mean volume values were, before hormonal injection, 0.22ml and after two doses of hCG, 106ml. Maximal production occurred between 16 and 24 hours after induction. Mean values of sperm concentration and total number of sperm were, before hormonal induction, 31.16xl0(6)/mm³ and 6.79x10(9) and after two doses, 21.46x10(6)/mm³ and 22.15x10(9), respectively. There were no statistical differences between males receiving two or one doses of hCG concerning fertilization. Results indicated that males of Prochilodus scrofa may be induced a second time 14 days apart, what increases their reproduetive efficiency.

Estudou-se a influência da aplicação por imersão, de retardadores de crescimento (CCC e SADH), 5 dias antes do florescimento, nas características morfológicas da panícuia da videira Vitis (labrusca x vinifera) 'Niagara Rosada'. Neste ensaio verificou-se que as concentrações de CCC aplicadas em pré-florescimento, não afetaram favoravelmente a morfologia das panículas da cultivar estudada, nas condições do ensaio. SADH na dosagem de 1000 ppm provocou, na primeira colheita, aumento no peso e comprimento da panícula, no peso das bagas, e no comprimento da ráquis, proporcionando a formação desejada de uma panícula mais alongada, nas condições estudadas. Aplicação de SADH na concentração de 250 ppm em pré-florescimento, promoveu aumento no peso e comprimento da panícula, número e peso das bagas, além do inconveniente de elevar o número de sementes.

Studies were carried out to establish the effects of exogenous growth regulators on Vitis (labrusca x vinifera) 'Niagara Rosada' fruiting. The investigations were done in the Jundiaí Research Station, Agronomic Institute State of São Paulo, always using disease-free vineyards of good productivity. The morphological transformations of clusters were studied under the following aspects: weight, length and width of cluster; weight, length average and width average of berries: length average/width average ratio of berries; length and diameter of rachis; width of cluster minus berries; length and diameter of secondary rachis. The yield for the first half of the period from flowering to maturation was first determined. The same characteristics were determined at the time of maturity plus the number of berries, number of seeds, total sugars, total acid, Maturity Index and reducing sugars in samples of all treatments. The experiment was conducted in order to determine the doses that resulted in the most beneficial effects, always using applications by immersion of the inflorescence. In the experiment was realized applications of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and succinic aeid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm; CCC 500 ppm plus SADH 500 ppm and nontreated, 5 days before flowering, in 1971. The concentrations of CCC applied before flowering did not affect favorably cluster morphology under the conditions of the experiment. Application of SADH at 250 ppm before flowering increased the cluster weight and length, berries number and weight, and seed number. In the first yield treatment of 1000 ppm of SADH increased the cluster weight and lenght, berry weight and rachis lenght.

Estudou-se a influência da aplicação, por imersão, de giberelinas e auxina (ácido 2-hidroximetil 4-clorofenoxiacético), 11 dias após o florescimento, nas características morfológicas da panícula da videira Vitis (labrusca x vinifera) 'Niagara Rosada'. Neste experimento verificou-se que, aplicação de giberelinas na concentração de 100 ppm em pós-florescimento, promoveu aumento no peso da panícula, número e peso das bagas, além de alongamento da ráquila, o que contribue para a formação de panículas com distribuição das bagas mais adequada. Tratamento com giberelinas 60 ppm + ácido 2-hidroximetil 4-clorofenoxiacético 50 ppm provocou aumento no peso da panícula, número e peso das bagas, sem contudo promover uma melhor distribuição das mesmas. Giberelinas na concentração de 500 ppm causou aumento na elongação das bagas com relação ao diâmetro, porém não apresentou nenhuma outra característica superior ao controle. Aplicação do ácido 2-hidroximetil 4-clorofenoxiacético em pós-fiorescimento, nas concentrações utilizadas, não apresentou resultados favoráveis na frutificação da 'Niagara Rosada', nas condições de estudo.

Studies were carried out to establish the effects of exogenous growth regulators on Vitis (Labrusca x vinifera) 'Niagara Rosada' fruiting. The investigations were done in the Jundiaí Research Station, Agronomic Institute State of São Paulo, always using disease-free vineyards of good productivity. The morphological transformations of clusters were studied under the following aspects: weight, length and width of cluster; number of berries; weight, length average and width average of berries; length average/width average ratio of berries; number of seeds; length and diameter of rachis; width of cluster minus berries; length and diameter of secondary rachis. That characteristics were determined at the time of maturity plus the total sugars, total acid, Maturity Index and reducing sugars in samples of all treatments. The experiment was conducted in order to determine the doses that resulted in the most beneficial effects, always using applications by immersion of the inflorescence. In 1970 the experiment consisted of applications of gibberellins and 2-hydroxymethyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid treatments of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 ppm; gibberellins 50 ppm plus 2-hydroxymethyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 50 ppm and nontreated, 11 days after flowering. The effectiveness of 100 ppm of gibberellins after flowering to increase cluster weight, berry number and weight, elongation of secondary rachis was determined. Treatment with gibberellins 50 ppm plus 2-hydroxymethyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 50 ppm increases cluster weight, berries number and weight. Gibberellins at concentration of 500 ppm stimulated berry elongation but did not benefit other characters. Application of 2-hydroxymetlhyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid after flowering, at the concentrations used did not result in good results in 'Niagara Rosada' fruiting under the conditions studied.

É relatado o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 15 anos de idade, que apresentava dificuldade para movimentar os braços e para abrir a bôca, além de dispnéia, evoluindo lentamente há dois anos. O exame neurológico revelou hipertonia em todo o corpo, predominando em alguns grupos musculares que se achavam fortemente contraturados, obrigando o paciente a assumir atitudes anormais, impossibilitando-o, ainda, de abrir a bôca e de respirar livremente, dada a grande diminuição da expansibilidade torácica. O exame eletromiográfico revelou a presença de atividade muscular contínua, mesmo durante o repouso, caracterizada por descargas de alta freqüência, as quais persistiram após bloqueio anestésico de nervo periférico e após anestesia geral, sõmente sendo eliminados pelo curare. Com o diagnóstico de esclerodermia e de miosite, embora só a primeira dessas moléstias pudesse ser comprovada anátomo-patològicamente, o paciente foi tratado com corti-costeróides, tendo havido discreta melhora do quadro clínico, sobretudo em relação aos movimentos respiratórios e à abertura da bôca. Tendo, então, o conhecimento de dois casos semelhantes estudados por Isaacs em 1961, com o nome de síndrome da atividade contínua da fibra muscular, os quais haviam sido curados com o uso de hidantoinato de sódio, os autores empregaram esta mesma medicação, tendo verificado, após alguns dias, a diminuição acentuada da atividade anormal pelo exame eletromiográfico.

The case of a 15-year-old male patient, suffering from difficulty in moving his arms and opening his mouth and dyspnea which had been slowly developing for two years, is reported. The neurologic examination revealed diffuse hypertonus, predominating in some muscle groups, compelling the patient to assume abnormal attitudes and making it impossible for him to open his mouth and to breathe freely due to a large decrease in the thoracic expansibility. The electromyographic studies showed continuous muscle activity at rest, characterized by high frequency discharges, which continued after anesthetic blocking of a peripheral nerve and after general anesthesia; these discharges were eliminated only when curare was used. Diagnosis was made of scleroderma and myositis, although only the first one could be confirmed by biopsy; the patient was treated with corticosteroids and a slight improvement was evidenced, specially in regard to breathing movements and mouth opening. Based on the good results reported by Isaacs in two similar cases, the authors used sodium hidantoinate, and thus found a marked decrease of the abnormal electric activity, proved though an electromyographic examination made some days afterwards.

According previous studies about longevity in maize by ACCORSI e ADÂMOLI DE BARROS, (1961) the authors presents in this paper the results of work on longevity of seedlings of beans. Seeds were separated in three groups according their weight, as followings: small 80-120 mg; medium 130-140 mg and big 150-200 mg. The sowing of the seeds was made in pure sand and the seedlings were distributed in distil. water and in complete solution of Arnon and Hoagland. Each treatment was made in two replications with eight seedlings by treatment. At present time the following conclusions can be related: 1.°) - Eight days after germination, the cotiledones of all the seedlings started to fell down, fourteen days after, all cotiledones had fell down. 2.°) - Fifteen days after germination, the seedlings in nutritive solution showed better development than those in distil. water. Table I e II gives results. 3.°) - All seedlings in distil. water showed symptoms of N, Ca, Fe deficiencies. 4.°) - Twenty nine days after germination the seedlings in distil. water manifested exhaust trace, by falling of the leaves and death of some plants although the aplicai buds keep green. 5.°) - After thirty-one days the plants in nutritives solution was in better condition than those in distil. water, although some alteration aboved mentioned was observed. The causes of this alteration are being studied. 6.°) - In many plants in complet solution the seminal leaves showed clorosis initial and some with necrosis, although apical buds keeps in ativity. 7.°) - Symptoms of clorosis and necrosis in diferents stages were observed in all leaflet; these symptoms were more strong in the groups of little seed and medium seeds.